Belongs within: Asterales.
Contains: Blumea, Balsamorhiza, Geigeria, Hemizonia, Lasthenia, Lessingia, Lipochaeta, Cremanthodium, Machaeranthera, Saussurea, Arnica, Eriophyllum, Heterotheca, Hulsea, Layia, Malacothrix, Pyrrocoma, Tetradymia, Wyethia, Colymbada, Mutisioideae, Carduoideae, Cichorioideae, Asteroideae.
The Asteraceae, also known as Compositae, are a large family of plants distinguished by their production of composite flowers: a large number of minute flowers are clustered together on a common base, giving the superficial appearance of a single flower. The individual flowers may be tubular or ligulate. In the classic radiate ‘daisy’ arrangement, the central flowers are tubular with a circumferential ring of ligulate flowers but other forms have all florets either one form or the other. Past classifications accordingly divided the composite-flowered plants between the subfamilies Liguliflorae and Tubuliflorae, but this division has since been recognised as somewhat artificial. Instead, the South American Barnadesioideae have been recognised as the sister group to the remaining Asteraceae; members of this clade lack a 22 kb inversion in the chloroplast genome found in all other members of the family. Other basal groups include the Gochnatioideae, containing species found in the Americas characterised by glabrous styles and anthers with appendiculate appendages (Panero & Funk 2002). Hecastocleis shockleyi, prickleleaf, is a low, prickly shrub found on rocky slopes in the southwestern United States. The Pertyoideae are a group of Asian composites bearing discoid or disciform, homogamous heads with florets with actinomorphic, deeply but unequally divided corollas. Gymnarrhena is a genus of rosette-forming perennial herbs found in northern Africa and the Middle East that produces both aerial and subterranean flower heads (Panero & Funk 2002).
Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular or irregular, bisexual or unisexual, sessile or almost so, collected together on a common receptacle or floral base in heads surrounded by an involucre of bracts arranged in one or several rows; surface of receptacle nake or furnished with bracts (chaffy scales), normally one to each flower but sometimes split into fine bristles; calyx mounted on summit of ovary and consisting of ring of bristles or scales or of a small cup or crown called the pappus, or rarely absent; corolla sympetalous, either regular and tubular, the tube expanded upwards into a long or short limb which is more or less deeply cut into five, rarely four, valvate lobes or teeth, or irregular with the teeth or lobes united and extended outwards on one side into a flat usually linear or oblong tongue or ligule, or sometime outer female flowers very slender (filiform) with two or three minute teeth; stamens as many as corolla-lobes, alternate with them and inserted in tube, anthers linear, two-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits and usually united in tube round style; ovary inferior, one-celled, with one erect anatropous ovule; style divided at summit in fertile flowers into two (rarely more) long or short stigmatic branches; fruit a small indehiscent achene, naked or crowned by pappus; seed exalbuminous, with thin testa often adherent to pericarp; embryo straight, with short inferior radicle.
<==Asteraceae [Compositae, Lactucoideae, Mutisiaceae, Tubuliflorae] |--BarnadesiaK03 [Barnadesieae, BarnadesioideaePF02] | `--B. caryophyllaK03 `--+--MutisioideaePF02 `--+--Gochnatioideae [Gochnatieae]PF02 | |--Gochnatia Kunth in HBK 1820PF02 | |--CnicothamnusPF02 | |--CyclolepisPF02 | |--Richterago [incl. Actinoseris]PF02 | `--ChucoaPF02 `--+--Hecastocleis Gray 1882 [Hecastocleideae, Hecastocleioideae]PF02 | `--H. shockleyiH93 `--+--CarduoideaePF02 `--+--+--Gymnarrhena Desfontaines 1818 [Gymnarrheneae, Gymnarrhenoideae]PF02 | `--+--CichorioideaePF02 | `--+--Corymbium Linnaeus 1737 [Corymbieae, Corymbioideae]PF02 | `--AsteroideaePF02 `--Pertyoideae [Pertyeae]PF02 |--Pertya Schultz 1862PF02 |--Ainsliaea latifoliaPF02, D07 |--DiaspananthusPF02 |--MacroclinidiumPF02 `--MyripnoisPF02 Asteraceae incertae sedis: Liatris Gaertner ex von Schreber 1791 (nom. cons.) [incl. Lacinaria Hill 1762]GYS03 |--L. cylindraceaZF84 |--L. graminefoliaJ23 |--L. ligulistylisGYS03 `--L. scariosa (Linnaeus) von Willdenow 1803 (see below for synonymy)GYS03 |--L. s. var. scariosa (see below for synonymy)GYS03 |--L. s. var. nieuwlandii (Lunell) Voss 1995 (see below for synonymy)GYS03 `--L. s. var. novae-angliae (Lunell) Gandhi, Young & Somers 2003 (see below for synonymy)GYS03 BlumeaLK14 FitchiaH03 TetramolopiumH03 TuberostylisH03 CatamixisYY22 DinoserisYY22 HymenocleaYY22 |--H. monogyraH93 `--H. salsolaH93 |--H. s. var. salsolaH93 |--H. s. var. patulaH93 `--H. s. var. pentalepisH93 AcamptopappusYY22 |--A. shockleyiH93 `--A. sphaerocephalusH93 |--A. s. var. sphaerocephalusH93 `--A. s. var. hirtellusH93 AchaetogeronYY22 AchmophoraYY22 Achyrachaena mollisH93 AdelostigmaYY22 AganippeaYY22 AiolothecaYY22 AllendeaYY22 AniauriaYY22 AmblyocarpumYY22 AmellusYY22 Amphiglossa thujaCV06 AmphoricarpusYY22 AnaglyphaYY22 AnaxetonYY22 AntithrixiaYY22 AphanactisYY22 AphanostephusYY22 AgyroxiphiumYY22 ArnicastrumYY22 ArrowsmithiaYY22 AstephaniaYY22 AsteromoeaYY22 AxiniphyllumYY22 BalsamorhizaYY22 BaltimoraYY22 BellidaYY22 Bellium minutumPT98 Berlandiera lyrataYY22, BT72 BileveilleaYY22 Blainvillea acmellaPP07 Blepharizonia plumosaH93 |--B. p. ssp. plumosaH93 `--B. p. ssp. viscidaH93 BoltoniaYY22 BrachychaetaYY22 BradburiaYY22 BryomorpheYY22 BurrieliaYY22 CacosmiaYY22 CadiscusYY22 Callistephus chinensisBR65, MN03 Calostephane marlothianaCV06 Calyptocarpus vialisRC02 CarpesiumYY22 CeruanaYY22 Chaetopappa ericoides [=Leucelene ericoides]H93 ChardiniaYY22 CharieisYY22 ChionolaenaYY22 ChlamyditesYY22 ChroilemaYY22 ChromolepisYY22 ChrysactiniaYY22 ChrysogonumYY22 Clibadium villosumMM96 ColeocomaYY22 CommidendronYY22 Crocidium multicauleH93 CrossostephiumYY22 CyathoclineSS02 |--C. luteaSS02 |--C. manilaliana Prabhakar Raju & Venkata Raju 1999SS02 `--C. purpureaSS02 CylindroclineYY22 CypselodontiaYY22 DelameresYY22 DenekiaYY22 Dichrocephala integrifoliaD07 DicranocarpusYY22 DiplostephiumC61 |--D. anactinotumC61 |--D. antioquense Cuatrecasas 1961C61 |--D. denticulatumC61 |--D. eriophorumR96 |--D. revolutumR96 |--D. rosmarinifoliumR96 |--D. saxatile Cuatrecasas 1961C61 `--D. tabanenseC61 DipterocomeYY22 DisparagoYY22 DoronicumYY22 |--D. austriacumC55a |--D. caucasicumC55a |--D. pardalianchesC55b |--D. plantagineumC55b |--D. royleiO88 `--D. scorpioidesC55a EnydraYY22 ErmeiastrumYY22 EutetrasYY22 EvaxH93 |--E. multicaulisH93 |--E. proliferaH93 `--E. pygmaeaPT98 FeliciaCV06 |--F. albaCV06 |--F. gunillaeCV06 `--F. smaragdinaCV06 Fresenia DC. 1836KC01 GamolepisYY22 GarcilassaYY22 Garuleum schinziiCV06 |--G. s. ssp. schinziiCV06 `--G. s. ssp. crinitumCV06 GeigeriaCV06 GlossocardiaLK14 |--G. bidensLK14 `--G. bosvalleaPP07 GlyciderasYY22 GoldmanellaYY22 GolionemaYY22 Grangea maderaspatanaPP07 GratwickiaYY22 GreenellaYY22 GrypocarphaYY22 GuardiolaYY22 Gymnodiscus Less. 1831KC01 GymnospermaYY22 GymnostephiumYY22 HeliopsisYY22 HemizonellaYY22 HemizoniaYY22 HeptanthusYY22 HertiaYY22 HeterolepisYY22 HeteropappusYY22 HidalgoaYY22 HinterhuberaC61 |--H. columbicaC61 |--H. ericoidesC61 `--H. nevadensis Cuatrecasas 1961C61 HippiaYY22 HomochaeteYY22 HomochromaYY22 HomogyneYY22 IchthyothereYY22 IflogaYY22 InulopsisYY22 IschneaYY22 IsocarphaYY22 JaegenaYY22 JasoniaYY22 KeerliaYY22 KoehneolaYY22 LachnophyllumYY22 Laggera alata (Don.) Schultz ex Oliver 1873 (see below for synonymy)SS02 LagophyllaYY22 |--L. dichotomaH93 |--L. glandulosa [incl. L. glandulosa var. serrata]H93 |--L. minorH93 `--L. ramosissimaH93 |--L. r. ssp. ramosissimaH93 `--L. r. ssp. congestaH93 Lantanopsis hispidulaJ87 LasiocomaYY22 LasiopogonCV06 |--L. ponticulusCV06 `--L. volkiiCV06 LastheniaYY22 LecocarpusYY22 LeontonyxYY22 LepidostephiumYY22 LeptocarphaYY22 LessingiaYY22 LeysseraYY22 LifagoYY22 LindheimeraYY22 LipochaetaYY22 Macowania Oliv. 1870KC01 MairiaYY22 MelampodiumYY22 MelanodendronYY22 MerrittiaYY22 MicractisYY22 MicrolecaneYY22 MicrotrichiaYY22 MinurothamnusYY22 MolleraYY22 MonarrhenusYY22 MonolopiaYY22 |--M. gracilensH93 |--M. lanceolataH93 |--M. majorH93 `--M. strictaH93 MonoptilonYY22 |--M. bellidiformeH93 `--M. bellioidesH93 MooniaYY22 MyriactisYY22 NanantheaYY22 NannoglottisO88 |--N. hookeriO88 `--N. soulieiO88 NanothamnusYY22 Narvalina domingensisJ87 NerrittiaYY22 NestleraYY22 Nicolasia heterophyllaCV06 |--N. h. ssp. heterophyllaCV06 `--N. h. ssp. affinisCV06 Nidorella mordenstamiiCV06 Nolletia tenuifoliaCV06 OdontospermumYY22 OederaYY22 OlivaeaYY22 Ondetia linearisCV06 OreochrysumYY22 OsmitesYY22 OsmitopsisYY22 OtochlamyaYY22 OxypappusYY22 PartheniceYY22 ParantennariaYY22 Pechuelloeschea [=Pechuel-Löschea]YY22 PerralderiaYY22 PetalacteYY22 PetalactellaYY22 PetrolliniaYY22 PhacellothrixYY22 PhaenocomaYY22 PhalacrocarpumYY22 PhemmeraYY22 PhilactisYY22 PhiloglossaYY22 Philyrophyllum brandbergenseCV06 PhymaspermumYY22 PinillosiaYY22 PodochaeniumYY22 PolygyneYY22 PorphyrostemmaYY22 PrintziaYY22 PsiadiaYY22 PsilactisYY22 PulicariaPP07 |--P. angustifoliaPP07 |--P. crispaPP07 |--P. foliosaVB02 |--P. paludosa [incl. P. hispanica]H93 |--P. rajputanaePP07 `--P. wightianaP73 RaillardellaYY22 |--R. argenteaH93 |--R. pringleiH93 `--R. scaposaH93 RelhaniaYY22 RemyaYY22 Rhantherium adpressumB89 RhodogeronYY22 RhynchospermumYY22 RiddeliaYY22 RiencourtiaYY22 RochoniaYY22 RuckeriaYY22 RumfordiaYY22 SabaziaYY22 SachaiaYY22 SartwelliaYY22 SchistocarphaYY22 SchistostephiumYY22 SchizotrichiaYY22 Sclerocarpus africanusPP07 ScyphocoronisYY22 Selloa glutinosaYY22, BT72 SheareriaYY22 Silphium terebinthaceumT-W89 SphacophyllumYY22 SphaeromorphaeaYY22 Sphagneticola trilobataLK14 [=Thelechitonia trilobataH06] StaurochlamysYY22 SteirodiscusYY22 StemmatellaYY22 StenoclineYY22 StephanodoriaYY22 StilpnogyneYY22 SymphyllocarpusYY22 SyncephalanthaYY22 SyntrichopappusYY22 |--S. fremontiiH93 `--S. lemmoniiH93 TetragonothecaYY22 TetranthusYY22 TetraperoneYY22 ThespidiumYY22 ThespisYY22 ThymopsisYY22 TolboniaYY22 TragocerosYY22 TrigonospermumYY22 TriplocephalumYY22 UrbinellaYY22 VancleveaYY22 VarillaYY22 VenegaziaYY22 VieraeaYY22 VillanovaYY22 WelwitschiellaYY22 Whitneya dealbataH93 WyomingiaYY22 XanthismaYY22 ZoegeaYY22 Arsium arvenseYY22 AstemmaYY22 LuciliopsisYY22 LycoserisYY22 ParastrephiaYY22 PetrobiumYY22 SynchodendronYY22 TafallaYY22 ArchibaccharisYY22 RhetinodendronYY22 LeontopodiumO88 |--L. alpinumH09 |--L. brachyactisO88 |--L. haastioidesO88 |--L. himalayanumO88 |--L. jacotianumO88 |--L. makianumO88 |--L. monocephalumO88 |--L. nanumO88 `--L. stracheyiO88 OligandraYY22 Blepharipappus scaber [incl. B. scaber ssp. laevis]H93 CladanthusYY22 CremanthodiumO88 Eatonella niveaH93 GeissopappusYY22 GonospermumYY22 GynoxysYY22 GynuraYY22 Ligularia fischeriO88 OligothrixYY22 OthakeYY22 Pericome caudataH93 WaldheimiaO88 |--W. glabraO88 |--W. niveaO88 `--W. tomentosaO88 PetasitesO88 |--P. albus [=Tussilago alba]C55b |--P. frigidusH93 | |--P. f. var. frigidusH93 | `--P. f. var. palmatusH93 |--P. hybridusNN95 |--P. niveusC55a `--P. tricholobusO88 Nardosmia fragrans [=Tussilago fragrans]C55b Tussilago farfaraC55a, C55b MachaerantheraFM80 BrachyactisO88 |--B. anomalaO88 |--B. pubescensO88 `--B. royleiO88 CacaliaO88 |--C. chenopodiifoliaO88 |--C. penninervisO88 `--C. pentalobaO88 CicerbitaSS05 |--C. cyaneaO88 |--C. filicina (Duthie) Mamgain & Rao 1989 [=Lactuca filicina Duthie ex Stebbins 1939]SS05 |--C. macranthaO88 |--C. macrorhizaO88 | |--C. m. var. macrorhizaO88 | `--C. m. var. saxatilisO88 `--C. panciciiGR98 Cousinia thomsoniiO88 DendranthemaO88 |--D. mutellinaO88 |--D. nubigenumO88 `--D. tenuiflorumO88 Dubyaea hispidaO88 JurineaC98 |--J. dolomiaeaO88 `--J. mollis (Linnaeus) Reichenb. 1831PL04 (see below for synonymy) |--J. m. ssp. mollisC98 | |--J. m. ssp. m. f. mollisC98 | `--J. m. ssp. m. f. erectobracteata Conti 1998C98 `--J. m. ssp. anatolica (Boissier) Stoj. & Stef. 1925PL04 Leibnitzia nepalensisO88 Prenanthes violaefoliaO88 SaussureaCP02 SoroserisO88 |--S. deasyiO88 |--S. gilliiO88 | |--S. g. ssp. gilliiO88 | `--S. g. ssp. occidentalisO88 |--S. glomerataO88 |--S. hookerianaO88 | |--S. h. ssp. hookerianaO88 | `--S. h. ssp. erysimoidesO88 `--S. pumilaO88 YoungiaO88 |--Y. depressaO88 |--Y. gracilipesO88 |--Y. japonicaJ87 |--Y. racemiferaO88 |--Y. simulatrixO88 `--Y. tenuifoliaO88 |--Y. t. ssp. tenuifoliaO88 `--Y. t. ssp. diversifoliaO88 Praxelis clematideaW03 AtractylisY98 |--A. cancellataPT98 [=Acarna cancellataC55a] `--A. gummiferaY98 Aetheorhiza bulbosaPT98 |--A. b. ssp. bulbosaPT98 `--A. b. ssp. microcephalaPT98 AsteriscusPT98 |--A. aquaticusPT98 `--A. graveolensCS77 CarlinaPL04 |--C. acaulisNN95 |--C. corymbosa Linnaeus 1753PL04 | |--C. c. ssp. corymbosaPL04 | `--C. c. ssp. graeca (Bociss.) Nyman 1879PL04 |--C. lanataPT98 `--C. vulgarisG88 DittrichiaPL04 |--D. graveolensGK00 `--D. viscosa (Linnaeus) Greuter 1973PL04 Geropogon hybridusPT98 Hyoseris scabraPT98 Notobasis syriacaPT98 Ptilostemon chamaepeucePT98, S98 Rhagadiolus stellatusPT98 Bombycilaena erectaGR98 [=Micropus erectaH91] Leucopsis (de Candolle 1836) Baker in Martius 1882 non Olivier 1792 (ICZN)FT93 Kleinia neriifoliaES06 ActinoboleKM08 |--A. condensatumKM08 |--A. drummondianaK90 |--A. oldfieldianaK90 `--A. uliginosumG04a AsterideaG04b |--A. athrixioidesG04b `--A. pulverulentaGK00 Blennospora drummondiiOS04 Erymophyllum ramosumG04a Gilberta tenuifoliaG04a Gilruthia osborneiG04a StreptoglossaLK14 |--S. cylindricepsG04a |--S. liatroidesG04a `--S. odoraLK14 Trichanthodium skirrophorumG04a HyalospermaG04b |--H. cotulaGK00 |--H. demissumG04b `--H. simplexGK00 Argentipallium niveumOS04 Pterochaeta paniculataOS04 Steptorhamphus tuberosus (von Jacquin) Grossh. 1934PL04 Caesulia axillarisP03 LaunaeaPP07 |--L. acaulisM72 |--L. arborescensN-A04 |--L. fallaxM72 |--L. procumbensVB02 `--L. resedifoliaPP07 EremothamneaeT00 |--Eremothamnus marlothianusCV06 `--HoplophyllumT00 ChamaemelumH93 |--C. fuscatum [=Anthemis fuscata]H93 `--C. nobile [=Anthemis nobilis]H93 Vellereophyton dealbatumGK00 PithocarpaGK00 |--P. corymbulosaGK00 `--P. pulchellaGK00 PogonolepisKM08 |--P. muellerianaKM08 `--P. strictaGK00 Elytropappus rhinocerotisK02 AntiphionaCV06 |--A. fragransCV06 `--A. pinnatisectaCV06 PentatrichiaCV06 |--P. avasmontanaCV06 `--P. rehmiiCV06 Dauresia alliariifolia [=Senecio alliariifolius]CV06 GazaniaCV06 |--G. linearis [incl. G. longiscapa]H93 |--G. splendensR35 `--G. thermalisCV06 Gorteria diffusaCV06 |--G. d. ssp. diffusaCV06 `--G. d. ssp. parviligulataCV06 Myxopappus hereroensisCV06 Norlindhia apteraCV06 PegolettiaCV06 |--P. pinnatilobataCV06 `--P. plumosaCV06 Pentzia tomentosaCV06 PteroniaCV06 |--P. eeniiCV06 |--P. polygalifoliaCV06 |--P. pomonaeCV06 |--P. rangeiCV06 `--P. spinulosaCV06 Rennera eeniiCV06 Tripteris nervosaCV06 Campuloclinium macrocephalumH06 TithoniaH06 |--T. diversifoliaH06 `--T. rotundifoliaH06 EmiliaLK14 |--E. fosbergiiJ87 `--E. sonchifoliaLK14 Piqueria trinervaJ87 Pembertonia latisquameaKM08 Xerochrysum bracteatumMM09 Oligochaeta ramosaPP07 Tridax procumbensLK14 *Artemisiastrum palmeri [=Artemisia palmeri]M79 Ammobium alatumV09 Leptorhynchus squamatusM65 Donia Br. 1813A61 BaileyaH93 |--B. multiradiataH93 |--B. pauciradiataH93 `--B. pleniradiataBM76 ParagynoxysC61 |--P. meridanaC61 `--P. undulatifolia Cuatrecasas 1961C61 ParasenecioCP02 |--P. monanthaCP02 `--P. nokoensisCP02 Acmella grandifloraLK14 |--A. g. var. grandifloraLK14 `--A. g. var. brachyglossaLK14 Allopterigeron filifoliusLK14 Cyanthillium cinereumLK14 Iotasperma australienseLK14 PentalepisLK14 |--P. ecliptoidesLK14 `--P. trichodesmoidesML13 PeripleuraLK14 |--P. spechtiiLK14 | |--P. s. var. spechtiiLK14 | `--P. s. var. kimberleyensisLK14 `--P. virgataLK14 Pleurocarpaea denticulataLK14 Cenia turbinataC06 Lapsana communisC06 Acourtia microcephala [=Perezia microcephala]H93 Acroptilon repensH93 [=Centaurea repensH93; incl. C. picrisBR65] AdenophyllumH93 |--A. cooperi [=Dyssodia cooperi]H93 `--A. porophylloides [=Dyssodia porophylloides]H93 Amphipappus fremontiiH93 |--A. f. var. fremontiiH93 `--A. f. var. spinosusH93 Ancistrocarphus filagineus [=Stylocline filaginea; incl. S. filaginea var. depressa]H93 CymbolaenaH93 Anisocoma acaulisH93 ArgyranthemumH93 |--A. foeniculaceum [=Chrysanthemum foeniculaceum; incl. C. anethifolium]H93 `--A. frutescensH93 ArnicaH93 Atrichoseris platyphyllaH93 Bebbia junceaH93 |--B. j. var. junceaH93 `--B. j. var. asperaH93 Cacaliopsis nardosmiaH93 CalycadeniaH93 |--C. fremontii [incl. C. ciliosa, C. elegans]H93 |--C. hooveriH93 |--C. mollisH93 |--C. multiglandulosa (see below for synonymy)H93 |--C. oppositifoliaH93 |--C. paucifloraH93 |--C. spicataH93 |--C. truncata [incl. C. truncata ssp. microcephala, C. truncata ssp. scabrella]H93 `--C. villosaH93 CalycoserisH93 |--C. parryiH93 `--C. wrightiiH93 Chaetadelpha wheeleriH93 ChamomillaH93 |--C. occidentalis [=Matricaria occidentalis]H93 `--C. suaveolens [incl. Matricaria matricarioides]H93 Chloracantha spinosa [=Aster spinosus]H93 Dimeresia howelliiH93 Dugaldia hoopesii [=Helenium hoopesii]H93 Dyssodia papposaH93 Eastwoodia elegansH93 EnceliopsisH93 |--E. covillei [incl. E. argophylla var. grandiflora]H93 `--E. nudicaulisH93 EriophyllumH93 Euthamia occidentalis [=Solidago occidentalis]H93 GeraeaH93 |--G. canescensH93 `--G. viscidaH93 Glyptopleura marginata [incl. G. setulosa]H93 HelianthellaH93 |--H. californicaH93 | |--H. c. var. californicaH93 | |--H. c. var. nevadensisH93 | `--H. c. var. shastensisH93 `--H. castaneaH93 HesperevaxH93 |--H. acaulis [=Evax acaulis (Kellogg) Greene 1883]H93 | |--H. a. var. acaulisH93 | |--H. a. var. ambusticolaH93 | `--H. a. var. robustiorH93 |--H. caulescens [=Evax caulescens; incl. E. involucrata]H93 `--H. sparsiflora [=Evax sparsiflora]H93 |--H. s. var. sparsifloraH93 `--H. s. var. brevifolia [=Evax sparsiflora var. brevifolia]H93 Heteranthemis viscidehirtaH93 HeterothecaH93 HolocarphaH93 |--H. heermanniiH93 |--H. macradeniaH93 |--H. obconica [incl. H. obconica ssp. autumnalis]H93 `--H. virgataH93 |--H. v. ssp. virgataH93 `--H. v. ssp. elongataH93 Holozonia filipesH93 HulseaH93 HymenopappusH93 |--H. filifoliusH93 | |--H. f. var. filifoliusH93 | |--H. f. var. eriopodusH93 | |--H. f. var. lugensH93 | |--H. f. var. megacephalusH93 | `--H. f. var. nanusH93 `--H. tenuifoliusJ23 HymenothrixH93 |--H. loomisiiH93 |--H. wislezeniBT72 `--H. wrightiiH93 IsocomaH93 |--I. acradenia [=Haplopappus acradenius]H93 | |--I. a. var. acradeniaH93 | |--I. a. var. bracteosa [=Haplopappus acradenius var. bracteosus]H93 | `--I. a. var. eremophila [=Haplopappus acradenius var. eremophilus]H93 |--I. arguta [=Haplopappus venetus ssp. argutus]H93 `--I. menziesii [incl. Haplopappus venetus, I. veneta]H93 |--I. m. var. menziesiiH93 (see below for synonymy) |--I. m. var. sedoides [=Haplopappus venetus var. sedoides]H93 `--I. m. var. vernonioides [=Haplopappus venetus ssp. veronioides]H93 LayiaH93 Lembertia congdoniiH93 LepidospartumH93 |--L. latisquamumH93 `--L. squamatum [incl. L. squamatum var. palmeri]H93 LeucanthemumH93 |--L. maximumH93 [=Chrysanthemum maximum Ramond 1800H93, R00] `--L. vulgare [incl. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum]H93 |--L. v. var. vulgareS72 `--‘Chrysanthemum leucanthemum’ var. pinnatifidumS72 Luina hypoleucaH93 MalacothrixH93 Malperia tenuisH93 MicropusH93 |--M. amphibolus [=Stylocline amphibola]H93 `--M. californicusH93 |--M. c. var. californicusH93 `--M. c. var. subvestitusH93 Nicolletia occidentalisH93 NothocalaisH93 |--N. alpestrisH93 `--N. troximoidesH93 Orochaenactis thysanocarphaH93 Osmadenia tenella [=Calycadenia tenella]H93 Palafoxia aridaH93 |--P. a. var. aridaH93 `--P. a. var. gigantea [=P. linearis var. gigantea]H93 Petradoria pumilaH93 Peucephyllum schottiiH93 Phalacroseris bolanderi [incl. P. bolanderi var. coronata]H93 Pleurocoronis pluriseta [=Hoffmeisteria pluriseta]H93 Porophyllum gracileH93 Prenanthella exigua [=Lygodesmia exigua]H93 Prionopsis ciliata [=Haplopappus ciliatus]H93 PsathyrotesH93 |--P. annuaH93 `--P. ramosissimaH93 PseudobahiaH93 |--P. bahiifolia [=Monolopia bahiifolia]H93 |--P. heermannii [=Eriophyllum heermannii]H93 `--P. peirsoniiH93 PyrrocomaH93 RafinesquiaH93 |--R. californicaH93 `--R. neomexicanaH93 RaillardiopsisH93 |--R. muirii [=Raillardella muirii]H93 `--R. scabrida [=Raillardella scabrida]H93 SantolinaH93 |--S. chamaecyparisusH93 |--S. marchiiR-CT01 `--S. rosmarinifoliaRCT96 StebbinsoserisH93 |--S. decipiens [=Microseris decipiens]H93 `--S. heterocarpa [=Microseris heterocarpa]H93 Uropappus lindleyi [=Microseris lindleyi; incl. M. linearifolia]H93 StenotusH93 |--S. acaulis [=Haplopappus acaulis]H93 |--S. lanuginosusH93 |--‘Haplopappus’ pulvinatus Moran 1969M69 `--S. stenophyllus [=Haplopappus stenophyllus]H93 StyloclineH93 |--S. citroleumH93 |--S. gnaphaloides [=S. gnaphalioides (l. c.)]H93 |--S. intertextaH93 |--S. masoniiH93 |--S. micropoidesH93 |--S. psilocarphoidesH93 `--S. sonorensisH93 TetradymiaH93 Thymophylla pentachaetaH93 |--T. p. var. pentachaetaH93 `--T. p. var. belenidium [=Dyssodia pentachaeta var. belenidium; incl. D. thurberi]H93 TonestusH93 |--T. eximius [=Haplopappus eximius]H93 |--T. lyallii [=Haplopappus lyallii]H93 `--T. peirsonii [=Haplopappus peirsonii]H93 TownsendiaH93 |--T. condensataH93 |--T. leptotesH93 |--T. parryiH93 `--T. scapigeraH93 Trichocoronis wrightiiH93 Trichoptilium incisumH93 TrimorphaH93 |--T. acrisH93 | |--T. a. var. acrisH93 | `--T. a. var. debilis [=Erigeron debilis]H93 `--T. lonchophylla [=Erigeron lonchophylla]H93 Venegasia carpesioidesH93 Venidium fastuosumH93 ViguieraH93 |--V. laciniataH93 |--V. parishii [=V. deltoidea var. parishii]H93 `--V. reticulataH93 WyethiaH93 XylorhizaH93 |--X. cognata [=Machaeranthera cognata]H93 |--X. orcuttii [=Machaeranthera orcuttii]H93 `--X. tortifolia [=Machaeranthera tortifolia]H93 Lygodesmia junceaG05 Hieracites salyorum Saporta 1861CBH93 ‘Tricolporopollenites’ microechinatus Hochuli 1978CBH93 Tubulifloridites antipodica Kemp & Harris 1975CBH93 BedfordiaWB-P93 |--B. arborescensWB-P93 `--B. salicinaSN08 Acanthotheca DC. 1838KC01 Arnoldia Mass. 1856KC01 Asterothrix Cass. 1827KC01 Ceratella Hook. f. 1844KC01 Cladochaete DC. 1838KC01 Eriosphaera Dietr. 1817KC01 Laestadia Kunth ex Less. 1832KC01 Margarita Gaudin 1829 nec Leach 1814 (ICZN) nec Leach 1819 (ICZN)KC01 Martinia Vaniot 1903 non M’Coy 1844 (ICZN)KC01 Mosigia Spreng. 1826KC01 Peltidium Zollik. 1820KC01 Sphaerocephalus Lag. ex DC. 1812KC01 Xanthopsis (DC.) Koch 1851KC01 Argyroxyphium sandwicenseSBM11 |--A. s. ssp. sandwicenseSBM11 `--A. s. ssp. macrocephalumSBM11 Wilkesia gymnoxiphiumSBM11 Daubautia scabraSBM11 Echinacea pallidaS72 Goniocaulon indicum (Klein ex Willd.) Clarke 1876 (see below for synonymy)SY72 AcostaBGS05 CalcitrapaBGS05 CalcitrapoidesBGS05 ChamaecyanusBGS05 Cheirolophus [incl. Palaeocyanus]BGS05 |--C. crassifoliusBGS05 `--C. sempervirensBGS05 JaceaBGS05 PetrodavisiaBGS05 RhaponticoidesBGS05 `--‘Centaurea’ centauriumBGS05 Crocodylium [incl. Aegialophila]BGS05 `--C. pumilioBGS05 ColymbadaBGS05 Microgyne macrophyllaA78 Chrysocoryne pusillaK90 Farfugium grandeT-W89 Cineraria sinensisT-W89
Calycadenia multiglandulosa [incl. C. multiglandulosa ssp. bicolor, C. multiglandulosa ssp. cephalotes, C. hispida, C. hispida ssp. reducta, C. multiglandulosa ssp. robusta]H93
Goniocaulon indicum (Klein ex Willd.) Clarke 1876 [=Serratula indica Klein ex Willd. 1803; incl. G. glabrum Cass. 1817]SY72
Isocoma menziesii var. menziesiiH93 [incl. Haplopappus venetus ssp. furfuraceusH93, H. venetus ssp. oxyphyllusM69, I. menziesii ssp. oxyphyllusH93]
Jurinea mollis (Linnaeus) Reichenb. 1831PL04 [=Carduus mollis Linnaeus 1759C98; incl. C. moschatus Gussone 1825C98, Jurinea mollis ssp. moschata (Gussone) Nyman 1879C98, J. mollis var. moschata (Gussone) Visiani 1847C98, J. moschata (Gussone) de Candolle 1838C98]
Laggera alata (Don.) Schultz ex Oliver 1873 [=Erigeron alatum Don. 1825, Blumea alata (Don) de Candolle 1836]SS02
Liatris scariosa (Linnaeus) von Willdenow 1803 [=Serratula scariosa Linnaeus 1753, Lacinaria scariosa (Linnaeus) Hill 1762, Vernonia scariosa (Linnaeus) Poiret in Lamarck 1808]GYS03
Liatris scariosa var. nieuwlandii (Lunell) Voss 1995 [=Lacinaria scariosa var. nieuwlandii Lunell 1912, Liatris × nieuwlandii (Lunell) Gaiser 1946, Liatris novae-angliae var. nieuwlandii (Lunell) Shinners 1943]GYS03
Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae (Lunell) Gandhi, Young & Somers 2003 [=Lacinaria scariosa var. novae-angliae Lunell 1912, Liatris novae-angliae (Lunell) Shinners 1943]GYS03
Liatris scariosa (Linnaeus) von Willdenow 1803 var. scariosa [incl. Liatris borealis Nuttall ex McNab 1835, Lacinaria scariosa var. borealis (Nuttall) Lunell 1912, Lacinaria scariosa var. virginiana Lunell 1912, Liatris scariosa var. virginiana (Lunell) Gaiser 1948]GYS03
*Type species of generic name indicated
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