Belongs within: Asteraceae.
Contains: Erechtites, Senecio, Othonninae, Calenduleae, Gnaphalieae, Astereae, Anthemideae, Inuleae, Plucheeae, Helenieae, Coreopsideae, Chaenactis, Heliantheae, Madia, Eupatorium, Brickellia.
The Asteroideae is a major clade within the composite-flowered plants, a major characteristic of which is the presence of true ray florets in many species. Around 3000 species within the Asteroideae are placed in the tribe Senecioneae, characterised by a well-developed pappus of simple or plumose hairs, and flattened, more or less truncate style-arms (Allan 1961). The Athroismeae have disciform, usually whitish heads whose flowers bear caudate anthers and whose achenes have a pappus of a crown of twin trichomes or fused squamellae (Panero & Funk 2002). The Neurolaeneae have discoid or radiate heads that are usually arranged in paniculiform or corymbiform cymes. The Eupatorieae are a primarily New World group with discoid heads, more or less filiform styles and usually terete to clavate style branches.
Synapomorphies (from www.mobot.org): Sesquiterpene lactones at biogenetic levels 3 and 4, benzopyrans, benzofurans present; ray florets common, female, disc florets with corolla shallowly lobed, perfect; anthers often ecalcarate and usually ecaudate; pollen 25.0-34.3 µm in diameter, colpus ends acute, exine 2.3-4.2 µm across, with a double tectum; style hairs often rounded, only more or less at style tip, stigmatic areas in two marginal bands; n = (4-)9-10(-19); rbcL 6bp x 4 inversion.
<==Asteroideae [Helianthoideae, Helenioideae, Inuloideae] | i. s.: PsilostropheKJ94 | |--P. cooperiH93 | `--P. tagetinaBTA75 |--Senecioneae [Senecionideae]PF02 | | i. s.: BlennospermaT00 | | |--B. bakeriH93 | | `--B. nanumH93 | | |--B. n. var. nanumH93 | | `--B. n. var. robustumH93 | | CrassocephalumH03 | | |--C. coeruleumCV06 | | `--C. crepidioidesMH98 | | ErechtitesA61 | | Traversia Hooker 1864A61 | | `--*T. baccharoides Hooker 1864 [incl. Senecio geminatus Kirk 1899]A61 | | Brachyglottis Forster & Forster 1776A61 | | |--*B. repanda Forster & Forster 1776 (see below for synonymy)A61 | | | |--B. r. var. repandaA61 | | | |--B. r. var. arborescens (Oliver) Allan 1961 [=B. arborescens Oliver 1948]A61 | | | `--B. r. var. rangiora (Buchan.) Allan 1961 [=B. rangiora Buchan. 1882]A61 | | |--B. adamsiiW91 | | |--B. belidioidesW91 | | | |--B. b. var. bellidioidesW91 | | | `--B. b. var. crassaW91 | | `--B. buchananiW91 | | MelalemaS06 | | CulcitiumS06 | |--SenecioBR65 | `--OthonninaeBR65 `--+--+--CalenduleaePF02 | `--+--GnaphalieaePF02 | `--+--AstereaePF02 | `--AnthemideaePF02 `--+--+--InuleaePF02 | `--PlucheeaePF02 `--+--AthroismeaePF02 | |--Athroisma de Candolle 1883PF02 | |--BlepharispermumPF02 | `--LeucoblepharisPF02 `--+--HelenieaePF02 `--+--CoreopsideaePF02 `--+--+--NeurolaeneaePF02 | | |--Neurolaena lobataJ87 | | `--CaleaN10 | | |--C. dalyiG09 | | `--C. pinifolia Forster 1786 (n. d.)A61 | `--+--TagetesB00 [TageteaePF02] | | |--T. erecta [incl. T. patula]H93 | | |--T. mendocinaBA13 | | `--T. minuta Linn. 1753S73 | `--+--ChaenactisPF02 | `--BahiaH93 [BahieaePF02] | `--B. dissectaH93 `--+--Polymnia Linnaeus 1751 [Polymnieae, Polymniinae]PF02 | `--P. pyramidalisOB11 `--+--HeliantheaePF02 `--+--Milleria L. 1753KC01 [MillerieaePF02] `--+--MadiaPF02 `--+--PerityleH93 [PerityleaePF02] | |--P. emoryiH93 | |--P. inyoensis [=Laphamia inyoensis]H93 | |--P. megalocephala [=Laphamia megalocephala]H93 | | |--P. m. var. megalocephalaH93 | | `--P. m. var. oligophyllaH93 | `--P. villosa [=Laphamia villosa]H93 `--Eupatorieae [Eupatoriaceae]PF02 |--EupatoriumGJ09 |--OphryosporusN10 |--GymnocoronisS06 |--Adenostemma laveniaS06, LK14 |--Alomia [incl. Lycapsus]S06 |--SteviaS06 |--KanimiaS06 |--BrickelliaN10 |--ChromolaenaN10 | |--C. odorataN10 | `--C. squalidaW03 |--AgeratumC06 | |--A. conyzoidesMM96 | |--A. houstonianumM65 | `--A. mexicanumT-W89 |--AgeratinaN10 | |--A. adenophora [=Eupatorium adenophorum]H93 | |--A. altissimaN10 | |--A. herbacea [=Eupatorium herbaceum]H93 | |--A. occidentalis [=Eupatorium occidentale]H93 | |--A. ripariaH06 | `--A. shastensis [=Eupatorium shastense]H93 `--Mikania [incl. Willoughbya]S06 |--M. batatifoliaM83 |--M. cordataW03 |--M. cyanosmaJ87 |--M. dissectaJ87 |--M. hotteanaJ87 |--M. micranthaW03 |--M. rhomboideaJ87 |--M. scandensMM96 `--M. tripartitaJ87
*Brachyglottis repanda Forster & Forster 1776 [incl. Cineraria repanda Forster 1786; incl. Senecio (Brachyglottis) forsteri Hooker 1853, S. georgii Endl. 1836]A61
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.
[BA13] Bicha, S., A. Amrani, O. Benaissa, F. León, D. Zama, I. Brouard, S. Benayache, A. Bentamene & F. Benayache. 2013. A flavonoid with high antioxidant effect from Centaurea acaulis L. Der Pharmacia Lettre 5 (6): 24–30.
[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.
[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).
[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.
[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.
[GJ09] Gagné, R. J., & M. Jaschhof. 2009. Cecidomyiidae (gall midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 293–314. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.
[G09] Goyder, D. J. 2009. Blepharodon crabronum (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae), a new species from the pre-Cambrian serranias of eastern Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 179–181.
[H03] Hancock, D. L. 2003. The status and relationships of Terpnodesma Munro and establishment of the new tribe Axiothaumini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae). African Entomology 11 (1): 143–145.
[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[KJ94] Kim, K.-J., & R. K. Jansen. 1994. Comparisons of phylogenetic hypotheses among different data sets in dwarf dandelions (Krigia, Asteraceae): additional information from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 157–185.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.
[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.
[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.
[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.
[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.
[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.
[S73] Singh, G. 1973. Two new plant records for Kashmir Valley. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 680–681.
[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.
[T-W89] Tenison-Woods, J. E. 1889. On the vegetation of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 9–106, pls 1–9.
[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.
[W03] Waterhouse, B. M. 2003. Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea 10 (1): 477–485.
[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317–330.