Belongs within: Hypocreales.
Contains: Ijuhya, Nectriopsis, Pronectria, Nectriella, Hydropisphaera.
The Bionectriaceae are a family of fungi producing pallid ascomata that are generally superficial or immersed in their substratum (Rossman et al. 1999).
Characters (from Rossman et al. 1999): Ascomata perithecial, rarely cleistothecal, white, yellow, orange to tan or brown, not changing colour in KOH or lactic acid, centrum of Nectria-type.
Bionectriaceae [Seliniaceae]
|--+--‘Acremonium’ alternatumSS09
| `--Emericellopsis Beyma 1940SS09, RS99 [incl. Peyronellula Malan 1953KC01, Saturnomyces Cain 1956KC01]
| |--*E. terricola Bayma 1940RS99
| |--E. maritimaSS09
| |--E. poonensisKC01
| `--E. synnematicolaKC01
`--+--Bionectria Spegazzini 1919SS09, RS99
| |--*B. tonduzii Spegazzini 1919 [=B. tonduzi, Nectria tonduzi (Spegazzini) Samuels 1988, N. tonduzii]RS99
| |--B. apocyni (Peck) Schroers & Samuels 1997 [=Nectria apocyni Peck 1873]RS99
| |--B. aureofulva (Cooke & Ellis) Schroers & Samuels 1997 [=Nectria aureofulva Cooke & Ellis 1878]RS99
| |--B. byssicola (Berkeley & Broome) Schroers & Samuels 1997 [=Nectria byssicola Berkeley & Broome 1873]RS99
| `--B. ochroleuca (Schweinitz) Schroers & Samuels 1997 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--+--‘Acremonium’ persicinumSS09
`--+--+--HydropisphaeraHM17
| `--‘Acremonium’ murorumSS09
`--Roumegueriella Spegazzini in Roumeguère & Spegazzini 1880HM17, RS99 (see below for synonymy)
|--R. rufula (Berkeley & Broome) Malloch & Cain 1972 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--R. pulchella Udagawa et al. 1994RS99
Bionectriaceae incertae sedis:
‘Pseudonectria’ coronataRS99
Albosynnema Morris 1967RS99, KC01
`--A. elegansRS99
Battarrina (Saccardo) Clements in Clements & Shear 1931 [=Hypocrea subg. Battarrina Saccardo 1883]RS99
`--*B. inclusa (Berkeley & Broome) Clements in Clements & Shear 1931 (see below for synonymy)RS99
Clibanites Karsten 1871 [=Peziza sect. Clibanites Karsten 1869]RS99
`--*C. paradoxa (Karsten) Karsten 1871 [=Peziza paradoxa Karsten 1869]RS99
Halonectria Jones 1965RS99
`--*H. milfordensis Jones 1965RS99
Mycoarachis Malloch & Cain 1970RS99
`--*M. inversa Malloch & Cain 1970RS99
Ochronectria Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999RS99
`--*O. calami (Henn. & Nyman) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
Bryonectria Döbbeler 1998RS99
`--*B. hylocomii (Döbbeler) Döbbeler 1998 [=Nectria hylocomii Döbbeler 1978]RS99
Kallichroma Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993RS99
|--*K. tethys (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer) Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993 [=Hydronectria tethys]RS99
`--K. glabrum (Kohlmeyer) Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993 [=Hydronectria tethys var. glabra]RS99
Mycocitrus Möller 1901 [incl. Shiraiella Hara 1914]RS99
|--*M. aurantium Möller 1901RS99
`--M. phyllostachydis (Sydow & Sydow) Doi 1967 (see below for synonymy)RS99
Peethambara Subram. & Bhat 1978RS99 (see below for synonymy)
|--*P. sundara Subram. & Bhat 1978 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--P. spirostriata (Rossman) Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
Lasionectria (Saccardo) Cooke 1884 [=Nectria subg. Lasionectria Saccardo 1883]RS99
|--*L. mantuana (Saccardo) Cooke 1884 [=Nectria (subg. *Lasionectria) mantuana Saccardo 1877]RS99
|--L. sylvana (Mouton) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--L. vulpina (Cooke) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
Stilbocrea Patouillard 1900 [=Stilbocera (l. c.)]RS99
|--S. macrostoma (Berkeley & Curtis) von Höhnel 1909 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--S. gracilipes (Tulasne & Tulasne) Samuels & Seifert in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--S. impressa (Montagne) Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
Paranectria Saccardo 1878 [incl. Ciliomyces von Höhnel 1906]RS99
|--*P. affinis (Greville) Saccardo 1878 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. oropensis (Ces.) Hawksworth & Piroz. 1977 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. sclerochitonis Hansford 1946 (see below for synonymy)DP72
`--P. superba Hawksworth 1982RS99
Heleococcum Jørg 1922RS99
|--*H. aurantiacum Jørg 1922RS99
|--H. alatosporum Udagawa et al. 1995RS99
|--H. inapertum Udagawa et al. 1995RS99
`--H. japonense Tubaki 1967RS99
Selinia Karsten 1876RS99 (see below for synonymy)
|--*S. pulchra (Winter) Karsten 1876 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--S. africanaRS99
|--S. antarcticaRS99
`--S. intermediaRS99
Valsonectria Spegazzini 1881 [incl. Endocreas Samuels & Rogerson 1989]RS99
|--*V. pulchella Spegazzini 1881RS99
|--V. boldoae Spegazzini 1910 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--V. lasiacidis (Samuels & Rogerson) Samuels & Rossman 1997 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--V. simpsonii Samuels & Seifert 1997RS99
Dimerosporiella Spegazzini 1908 [incl. Epinectria Sydow & Sydow 1917]RS99
|--*D. paulistana Spegazzini 1908RS99
|--D. cephalosporii (Hansford) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--D. guarapiensis (Spegazzini) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--D. leucorrhodina (Montagne) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--D. oidioides (Spegazzini) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--D. pipericola (Henn.) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--D. sensitiva (Rehm) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
Trichonectria Kirschst. 1907RS99
|--T. hirta (Bloxam) Petch 1937 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--T. albidopilosa (Rogerson & Samuels) Samuels 1988 [=Nectria albidopilosa]RS99
|--T. erythroxylifolii Samuels 1988RS99
|--T. horrida Samuels 1988RS99
|--T. hyalocristata Scheuer 1989RS99
|--T. pellucida Döbbeler 1978RS99
`--T. rectipila Samuels, Rogerson & Barr 1988RS99
Protocreopsis Doi 1976 [incl. Cryptothecium Penzig & Saccardo 1897 non Hübner 1851]RS99
|--P. fusigera (Berkeley & Broome) Doi 1978 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. albofimbriata (Penzig & Saccardo) Doi 1978 [=Nectria albofimbriata Penzig & Saccardo 1897]RS99
|--P. foliicola (Berkeley & Curtis) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. freycinetiae (Samuels) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. javanica (von Höhnel) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. pertusa (Patouillard) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. pertusoides (Samuels) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
|--P. phormiicola (Samuels) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy)RS99
`--P. viridis Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999RS99
IjuhyaRS99
NectriopsisRS99
PronectriaRS99
NectriellaRS99
Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels 1999KC01
`--S. keithiiHM17
Clonostachys Corda 1839 (see below for synonymy)KC01
`--C. ochroleucaHM17
*Battarrina inclusa (Berkeley & Broome) Clements in Clements & Shear 1931 [=Hypocrea inclusa Berkeley & Broome 1861]RS99
Bionectria ochroleuca (Schweinitz) Schroers & Samuels 1997 [=Sphaeria ochroleuca Schweinitz 1834, Nectria ochroleuca (Schweinitz) Berkeley 1875]RS99
Clonostachys Corda 1839 [incl. Clonostachyopsis Höhn. 1907, Verticilliodochium Bubák 1914, Verticillis Clem. & Shear 1931]KC01
Dimerosporiella cephalosporii (Hansford) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Calonectria cephalosporii Hansford 1946, Nectriopsis cephalosporii (Hansford) Samuels 1988]RS99
Dimerosporiella guarapiensis (Spegazzini) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Calonectria guarapiensis Spegazzini 1885, Nectria microleuca Rossman 1979, Nectriopsis guarapiensis (Spegazzini) Samuels 1988; incl. Nectria bakeri Rehm 1908, Nectria perpusilla Saccardo 1913 non (Montagne) Montagne 1856]RS99
Dimerosporiella leucorrhodina (Montagne) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Peziza leucorrhodina Montagne in Sagra 1842, Belonidium leucorrhodinum (Montagne) Saccardo 1889, Calonectria leucorrhodina (Montagne) Spegazzini 1885, Nectriopsis leucorrhodina (Montagne) Samuels 1988, Scutula leucorrhodina (Montagne) Spegazzini 1888, Trichobelonium leucorrhodina (Montagne) Seaver 1951; incl. Nectria byssiseda Rehm in Winter 1898, Pseudomeliola collapsa Earle 1905, Calonectria limpida Sydow & Sydow 1912, Nectria puberula var. microspora Bat. & Nascim. in Batista et al. 1956 non Nectria microspora Cooke & Ellis 1876, Pseudomeliola pipericola Stevens 1918 non Nectria pipericola Henn. 1904, Calonectria tubaroensis Rehm 1898, C. ukolayii Thaung 1976]RS99
Dimerosporiella oidioides (Spegazzini) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria oidioides Spegazzini 1889, Nectriopsis oidioides (Spegazzini) Samuels 1988]RS99
Dimerosporiella pipericola (Henn.) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria pipericola Henn. 1904, Nectriopsis pipericola (Henn.) Samuels 1988; incl. *Epinectria meliolae Sydow & Sydow 1917]RS99
Dimerosporiella sensitiva (Rehm) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria sensitiva Rehm 1900, Nectriopsis sensitiva (Rehm) Samuels 1988]RS99
Lasionectria sylvana (Mouton) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria sylvana Mouton 1900; incl. Calonectria fimbriata Seaver & Waterston 1940]RS99
Lasionectria vulpina (Cooke) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Peziza vulpina Cooke 1875, Dialonectria vulpina (Cooke) Cooke 1884, Nectria vulpina (Cooke) Ellis 1882, Nectriella vulpina (Cooke) Saccardo 1891; incl. Nectria incrustans Weese 1912]RS99
Mycocitrus phyllostachydis (Sydow & Sydow) Doi 1967 [=Ustilaginoidea phyllostachydis Sydow & Sydow 1900, Hypocreopsis phyllostachydis (Sydow & Sydow) Miyake & Hara 1910, *Shiraiella phyllostachydis (Sydow & Sydow) Hara 1914]RS99
*Ochronectria calami (Henn. & Nyman) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Calonectria calami Henn. & Nyman in Warburg 1899, Nectria calami (Henn. & Nyman) Rossman 1979; incl. C. blumenaviae Henn. 1902, C. ignota Chardón 1926, C. kampalensis Hansford 1941, C. oodes Petch 1920]RS99
*Paranectria affinis (Greville) Saccardo 1878 [=Sphaeria affinis Greville 1826, Nectria affinis (Greville) Cooke 1879]RS99
Paranectria oropensis (Ces.) Hawksworth & Piroz. 1977 [=Sphaeria oropensis Ces. in Rabenhorst 1857, *Ciliomyces oropensis (Ces.) von Höhnel 1906, Nectria oropensis (l. c.); incl. Pleonectria appendiculata Vouaux 1912, N. lichenicola Crouan & Crouan 1867, Pl. lichenicola (Crouan & Crouan) Saccardo 1879]RS99
Paranectria sclerochitonis Hansford 1946 [incl. Eriomycopsis sclerochitonis Hansford 1942, Chionomyces sclerochitonis (Hansford) Deighton & Pirozynski 1972]DP72
Peethambara Subram. & Bhat 1978RS99 [incl. Didymostilbe Henn. 1902 non Bres. & Sacc. 1902KC01, Putagraivam Subram. & Bhat 1978KC01]
Peethambara spirostriata (Rossman) Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria spirostriata Rossman 1983; incl. Virgatospora echinofibrosa Morris 1967, Didymostilbe echinofibrosa (Morris) Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999]RS99
*Peethambara sundara Subram. & Bhat 1978 [incl. Putagraivum sundarum Subram. & Bhat 1978, Didymostilbe sundara (Subram. & Bhat) Seifert 1985]RS99
Protocreopsis foliicola (Berkeley & Curtis) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria foliicola Berkeley & Curtis 1869]RS99
Protocreopsis freycinetiae (Samuels) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria freycinetii Samuels 1976]RS99
Protocreopsis fusigera (Berkeley & Broome) Doi 1978 [=Hypocrea fusigera Berkeley & Broome 1873; incl. H. bromeliicola Bat., Nascim. & Cif. 1957, Nectria bromeliicola (Bat., Nascim. & Cif.) Samuels 1976, Protocreopsis bromeliicola (Bat., Nascim. & Cif.) Doi 1978, N. heliconiae Müller & Dennis 1965, *P. musicola Doi 1976, N. subfalcata Henn. 1902, P. zingibericola Doi 1977]RS99
Protocreopsis javanica (von Höhnel) Rossman & Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=*Cryptothecium javanicum Penzig & Saccardo 1897, Calonectria javanica von Höhnel 1909; incl. P. palmicola Doi 1976]RS99
Protocreopsis pertusa (Patouillard) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria pertusa Patouillard in Patouillard & Lagerheim 1895; incl. N. aemulans Rehm 1909, N. scitula Bresadola 1896, Protocreopsis scitula (Bresadola) Doi 1978]RS99
Protocreopsis pertusoides (Samuels) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria pertusoides Samuels 1976]RS99
Protocreopsis phormiicola (Samuels) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Nectria phormiicola Samuels 1976]RS99
Roumegueriella Spegazzini in Roumeguère & Spegazzini 1880HM17, RS99 [incl. Lilliputia Boudier & Patouillard 1900RS99, Lysipenicillium Brefeld 1908RS99]
Roumegueriella rufula (Berkeley & Broome) Malloch & Cain 1972 [=Chaetomium rufulum Berkeley & Broome 1873, Lilliputia rufula (Berkeley & Broome) Hughes 1951; incl. Gliocladium borysseviczii Pidopl. 1950, Cephalotheca francisci Saccardo 1898, *Lilliputia gaillardii Boudier & Patouillard 1900, Eurotium insigne Winter in Rabenhorst 1874, Li. insignis (Winter) Dennis & Wakefield 1946, *Lysipenicillium insigne Brefeld 1908, Penicillium insigne, Mycogala macrospora Jaap 1910, *Roumegueriella muricospora Spegazzini in Roumeguère & Spegazzini 1880, Gliocladium prolificum Bainier 1910]RS99
Selinia Karsten 1876RS99 [=Hypocreopsis Winter 1875 non Karsten 1873RS99, Seliniana Kuntze 1891RS99, Winteria Saccardo 1878RS99; incl. Stromatocrea Cooke 1952KC01]
*Selinia pulchra (Winter) Karsten 1876 [=*Hypocreopsis pulchra Winter 1873, *Seliniana pulchra (Winter) Kuntze 1891, *Winteria pulchra (Winter) Saccardo 1878]RS99
Stilbocrea gracilipes (Tulasne & Tulasne) Samuels & Seifert in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Sphaerostilbe gracilipes Tulasne & Tulasne 1861, Nectria gracilipes (Tulasne & Tulasne) Wollenw. 1926; incl. Sp. cinerascens Hennings 1909, Allantonectria creonectrioides Chardón 1930, N. dealbata Berkeley & Broome 1873, N. hypocreoides Berkeley & Cooke 1884, Sphaerostilbe ochracea Sydow 1909 non Patouillard 1903, Sp. tetraspora Patouillard & Gaill. 1888, Sp. vanderystii Hennings in Beeli 1922; anam. Stilbella clavulata (Montagne) Seifert 1985 = Stilbum clavulatum Montagne 1842]RS99
Stilbocrea impressa (Montagne) Samuels in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Hypocrea impressa Montagne 1855, Clintoniella impressa (Montagne) Saccardo & Sydow 1902]RS99
Stilbocrea macrostoma (Berkeley & Curtis) von Höhnel 1909 [=Nectria macrostoma Berkeley & Curtis 1868, Hypocreopsis macrostoma (Berkeley & Curtis) Müller 1962; incl. Hypocrea carteri Berkeley & Broome 1883, Hypocreopsis carteri (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo 1891, Hypocrea corticioides Berkeley & Broome 1873, Clintoniella corticioides (Berkeley & Broome) Petch 1920, *Stilbocrea dussii Patouillard 1900, Sphaerostilbe henningsii Ferd. & Winge 1908, Sp. hypocreoides Hennings 1902 non Kalchbrenner & Cooke 1880, Sp. hypocreoides Kalchbrenner & Cooke 1880, Stilbocrea hypocreoides (Kalchbrenner & Cooke) Seaver 1910, Sp. intermedia Ferd. & Winge 1908, Stilbocrea intermedia (Ferd. & Winge) Seaver 1910, Stilbocrea jenkiana Viégas 1944, Sphaerostilbe placenta Theissen 1911, Sp. variabilis Berkeley & Broome 1875, Nectria grisea Dingley 1951; anam. Stilbella aleuriata (Berkeley & Curtis) Seifert 1985 = Stilbum aleuriatum Berkeley & Curtis 1874, Botryonipha aleuriata (Berkeley & Curtis) Kuntze 1891; incl. Isaria aggregata Cooke & Massee 1890, Stilbum cinnabarinum Montagne 1837 (nom. rej.), Botryonipha cinnabarina (Montagne) Kuntze 1891, Stilbella cinnabarina (Montagne) Wollenw. 1926, Stilbum connatum Kalchbrenner & Cooke 1880, Botryonipha connata (Kalchbrenner & Cooke) Kuntze 1891, Stilbum corallinum Cooke & Massee 1891, Stilbum intermedium Saccardo & Trott. 1913, Stilbum subiculosum Patouillard 1904, Stilbum vanderystii Saccardo & Trott. 1913]RS99
Trichonectria hirta (Bloxam) Petch 1937 [=Nectria hirta Bloxam in Currey 1884, Calonectria hirta (Bloxam) Saccardo 1878, Lasionectria hirta (Bloxam) Cooke 1884, *Trichonectria aculeata Kirschst. 1907, Calonectria aculeata (Kirschst.) Weese 1914; incl. T. rosella von Höhnel 1918, C. vermispora Massee & Crossland 1904, Dialonectria vermispora (Massee & Crossland) Massee & Crossland 1905]RS99
Valsonectria boldoae Spegazzini 1910 [=Nectriovalsa boldoaea Spegazzini ms in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (n. n.)]RS99
Valsonectria lasiacidis (Samuels & Rogerson) Samuels & Rossman 1997 [=*Endocreas lasiacidis Samuels & Rogerson 1989]RS99
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.
[HM17] Hongsanan, S., S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, K. D. Hyde, M. C. Samarakoon, R. Jeewon, Q. Zhao, A. M. Al-Sadi & A. H. Bahkali. 2017. An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84: 25–41.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.
[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O’Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.