Caryophyllaceae

Belongs within: Caryophyllales.
Contains: Polycarpaea, Scleranthus, Minuartia, Stellaria, Colobanthus, Spergularia, Cerastium, Sagina, Arenaria, Silene, Dianthus.

The Caryophyllaceae are a cosmopolitan family of herbaceous plants, most diverse in temperate regions. Familiar representatives include Dianthus (pinks), Stellaria (chickweeds) and Gypsophila (baby’s breath). Some species have become widespread as pasture weeds. In members of the subfamily Illecebroideae, stipules are present on the leaves; other subfamilies usually lack stipules. Illecebroideae also differ from other subfamilies in having fruits as utricles rather than capsules. The Caryophylloideae have flowers with sepals more or less fused at the base whereas Minuartoideae and Illecebroideae have free sepals. Within Illecebroideae, species of Cardionema and Paronychia bear awned sepals (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Allan 1961): Annual to perennial herbs; leaves usually simple, entire, opposite, often connate, or with scarious stipules. Flowers in simple to compound cymes, or solitary; usually perfect, hypogynous or perigynous; sepals 4-5, free or joined below; petals as many as sepals, often small or absent, free, often bifid or emarginate; stamens up to 10, anthers dehiscing longitudinally; ovary one-celled, at least in upper part, ovules 1 to many on basal or free-central placenta, embryo usually curved; fruit usually a dry capsule opening by teeth or valves.

<==Caryophyllaceae [Caryophyllineae, Illecebraceae, Paronychieae]
    |--Illecebroideae [Illecebraceae, Paronychoideae]T00
    |    |--Achyronychia cooperiH93
    |    |--Scopulophila rixfordiiH93
    |    |--Cardionema ramosissimumH93
    |    |--ScleranthusA61
    |    |--HerniariaC06
    |    |    |--H. alpinaC55a
    |    |    `--H. hirsutaPT98
    |    |         |--H. h. ssp. hirsutaH93
    |    |         `--H. h. ssp. cinerea [incl. Paronychia pusilla]H93
    |    `--ParonychiaH93
    |         |--P. ahartiiH93
    |         |--P. argenteaC74
    |         |--P. brasilianaH90
    |         |--P. echinulataH93
    |         `--P. franciscanaH93
    |--Minuartioideae [Alsineae, Alsinoideae]T00
    |    |--MinuartiaKB96
    |    |--StellariaC06
    |    |--ColobanthusC06
    |    |--SpergulariaC06
    |    |--CerastiumH93
    |    |--Pseudostellaria jamesiana [=Stellaria jamesiana]H93
    |    |--Holosteum umbellatumH93
    |    |--SaginaH93
    |    |--ArenariaH93
    |    |--Moehringia macrophylla [=Arenaria macrophylla]H93
    |    |--Loeflingia squarrosaH93
    |    |    |--L. s. var. squarrosa [incl. L. pusilla]H93
    |    |    `--L. s. var. artemisiarumH93
    |    |--MoenchiaH93
    |    |    |--M. erectaH93
    |    |    `--M. manticaY98
    |    |--AlsineC55b
    |    |    |--A. biflora [=Stellaria biflora]C55b
    |    |    |--A. mediaC55b
    |    |    `--A. stricta [=Spergula stricta; incl. Arenaria uliginosa]C55b
    |    |--SpergulaH93
    |    |    |--S. arvensisC55b
    |    |    |--S. fallaxVB02
    |    |    |--S. pentandraC06
    |    |    `--S. saginoidesC55a
    |    `--PolycarponH93
    |         |--P. alsinaefoliumC55b
    |         |--P. depressumH93
    |         |--P. peploidesC74
    |         |--P. prostratumP03
    |         `--P. tetraphyllum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus 1759PL04 [=Mollugo tetraphyllaH90]
    `--Caryophylloideae [Silenoideae]T00
         |         AgrostemmaH93
         |           |--A. aestivalisBO08
         |           |--A. flammeaBO08
         |           `--A. githagoJK80
         |         PetrorhagiaH93
         |           |--P. armerioides (Seringe) Ball & Heywood 1964PL04
         |           |--P. dubia [incl. Kohlrauschia velutina]H93
         |           |--P. nanteuiliiH93
         |           |--P. proliferaGK00 [=Dianthus proliferC06, Tunica proliferaH93]
         |           `--P. velutinaGK00
         |         Velezia rigidaH93
         |         VaccariaH93
         |           |--V. hispanica [incl. V. segetalis]H93
         |           `--V. pyramidataH90
         |--SileneaeC06
         |    |--SileneC06
         |    `--GypsophilaC06
         |         |--G. australisH90
         |         |--G. cerastioidesO88
         |         |--G. elegansH93
         |         |--G. paniculataH93
         |         |--G. petraeaH09
         |         |--G. repensS96
         |         |--G. scorzonerifoliaH93
         |         `--G. tubulosaC06
         `--CaryophylleaeM99
              |--Caryophyllus aromaticusC55b
              |--DianthusM99
              |--SaponariaC06
              |    |--S. caespitosaR84
              |    |--S. calabricaH90
              |    |--S. officinalisC55b
              |    `--S. vaccariaC55b
              `--LychnisC06
                   |--L. alpinaC55b
                   |--L. chalcedonicaH90
                   |--L. coronariaC06
                   |--L. dioicaR13
                   |--L. flos-cuculiBN99
                   |--L. githago [incl. Githago segetum]C06
                   `--L. vespertinaC06
Caryophyllaceae incertae sedis:
  GeocarponT00
  DicheranthusYY22
  MelandriumYY22
    |--M. albumGM96
    `--M. magellanicumD03
  Thylacospermum caespitosumO88
  DrymariaO88
    |--D. cordataO88
    |    |--D. c. ssp. cordataH90
    |    `--D. c. ssp. diandraH90
    |--D. holosteoidesMF68
    `--D. villosaD07
  Lepyrodiclis holosteoidesO88
  Bolanthus graecus (von Schreber) Barkoudah 1962PL04
  Viscaria alpinaKB96
  Corrigiola litoralisGK00
  Schiedea verticillataO94
  PolycarpaeaLK14
  Hantsia pulchra (Chandler) Chandler 1960CBH93
  Caryophyllidites polyoratus Muller 1970CBH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BO08] Bönsel, D., I. Ottich, A. Malten & G. Zizka. 2008. An updated list of the vascular plants of Frankfurt am Main (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 111–121.

[BN99] Bungener, P., S. Nussbaum, A. Grub & J. Fuhrer. 1999. Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142: 283–293.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GM96] Griffiths, A. J. F., J. H. Miller, D. T. Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin & W. M. Gelbart. 1996. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 6^th ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[KB96] Konstantinou, M., & D. Babalonas. 1996. Metal uptake by Caryophyllaceae species from metalliferous soils in northern Greece. Plant Systematics and Evolution 203: 1–10.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[MF68] Moran, R., & R. Felger. 1968. Castela polyandra, a new species in a new section; union of Holacantha with Castela (Simaroubaceae). Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 15 (4): 31–40.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists’ Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R84] Ramos, M. A. 1984. Polymorphism of Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae) in the Spanish Occidental Pyrenees. Malacologia 25 (2): 325–341.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[S96] Schatz, H. 1996. Oribatid mites (Oribatida) in alpine dry meadows (Austria, central Alps). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 633–635. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.