Belongs within: Fuireneae.
Contains: Isolepis, Ficinia, Cyperus subgenus Mariscus, Cyperus subgenus Pycreus, Cyperus section Papyrus.
The Cypereae are a group of sedges in which flowers are all hermaphroditic, and glumes are distichously arranged and all floriferous except the lowest one (Moore & Edgar 1970). Embryos are relatively oblong or linear in shape (Semmouri et al. 2019). The genus Cyperus, sedges, are found in damp habitats in tropical and warm temperate parts of the world. The subgenera Cyperus, Mariscus and Pycreus are sometimes treated as separate genera. Cyperus sensu stricto and Mariscus have trifid styles and trigonous nuts (Healy & Edgar 1980).
The papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus was, as its name suggests, the source of the fibre used by the ancient Egyptians for making papyrus. The chufa or tiger nut Cyperus esculentus is cultivated in some parts of the world for its edible tubers. Some species of this genus, however, have become serious pasture pests.
CypereaeSB19
|--+--ErioscirpusSB19
| | |--E. comosusSB19
| | `--E. microstachyusSB19
| `--+--Afroscirpoides dioecaSB19
| `--+--ScirpoidesSB19
| | |--S. variaSB19
| | `--+--S. holoschoenusSB19
| | `--+--S. burkeiSB19
| | `--S. mexicanus [=Karinia mexicana]SB19
| `--+--DracoscirpoidesSB19
| | |--D. falsaSB19
| | `--D. surculosaSB19
| `--+--Hellmuthia membranaceaSB19
| `--+--IsolepisSB19
| `--+--‘Dracoscirpoides’ ficinioidesSB19
| `--FiciniaSB19
`--Cyperus L. 1753SB19, ME70 [incl. C. sect. EucyperusB78, C. sect. JuncellusB78]
| i. s.: C. acuminatusH93
| C. albostriatus Schrader 1832HE80
| C. alulatusPP07
| C. arenariusP73
| C. astartodesLK14
| C. atkinsoniiPP07
| C. aurantiacusC55
| C. aureusB78
| C. bifaxK90
| C. bipartitus [incl. C. rivularis]H93
| C. brunneusB78
| C. cephalotes [incl. C. hookerianus, Anosporum monocephalum]B78
| C. compactusLK14
| C. conglomeratusC00
| C. corymbosusB78
| C. cracensLK14
| C. crispulusLK14
| C. cristulatusLK14
| C. cunninghamiiLK14
| |--C. c. ssp. cunninghamiiLK14
| `--C. c. ssp. uniflorusLK14
| C. denudataB78
| C. diandrusV72
| C. dilutusB78
| C. dubiusB78
| C. eleusinoidesB78 [=C. nutans ssp. eleusinoidesLK14; incl. C. xanthopusB78]
| C. englemanniiV72
| C. erythrorhizosH93
| C. filiculmisV72
| C. flavus [=Mariscus flavus; incl. M. rigidus, Carex sieberi]B78
| C. giganteusB78
| C. involucratus Rottboel 1772 [incl. C. flabelliformis]HE80
| C. javanicusB00
| C. junghuhniiB78
| C. lanceusB78
| C. latziiLK14
| C. leucocephalusB78
| C. ligularisC55
| C. luersseniiB78
| C. maderaspatanusB78
| C. malaccensis [incl. C. spaniophyllus]B78
| C. marginatusB78
| C. mundtiiB78
| C. mundulusB78
| C. nervulosusLK14
| C. nitidulusB78
| C. nutansLK14
| C. obtusiflorusS00
| C. olfersianusB78
| C. ornatus [incl. C. heynei]B78
| C. ovularisB78
| C. parishiiH93
| C. picardaeJ87
| C. pilosusB78
| C. pseudovegetusSF98
| C. pulchellus [incl. Sorostachys kyllingioides, C. sorostachys]B78
| C. puncticulatusB78
| C. purpurascensB78
| C. pygmaeusB78
| C. rehmiiCV06
| C. schoenoidesC74
| C. schraderianusB78
| C. schweinitziiV72
| C. seemannianusB78
| C. setaceusVB02
| C. simplex [incl. C. umbrosus]B78
| C. spectabilis [incl. C. paramatta]B78
| C. strigosusH93
| C. sulcinuxLK14
| C. surinamensis [incl. C. sieberinus]B78
| C. tenuispicaLK14
| C. tetracarpusB78
| C. textilisB78
| C. victoriensisLK14
| C. viscidulusLK14
| C. virensSF98
| C. zollingeriLK14
| Fulvi groupB78
| |--C. alterniflorus [incl. C. pictus]B78
| |--C. carinatusB78
| |--C. dactylotesB78
| |--C. fulvus [incl. C. sieberi]B78
| |--C. gilesiiB78
| `--C. holoschoenusB78
| Graciles groupB78
| |--C. debilisB78
| |--C. enervisB78
| | |--C. e. var. enervisB78
| | `--C. e. var. laxusB78
| |--C. gracilis non Buchanan 1871B78
| | |--C. g. var. gracilisB78
| | `--C. g. var. rigidellaB78
| |--C. laevisB78
| `--C. tenellus Linnaeus 1781B78, HE80 [incl. C. minimusB78, C. modestulusB78]
| C. sect. DiclidiumB78
| |--C. bowmaniiB78
| |--C. feraxB78
| |--C. leiocaulon [incl. Mariscus laevis]B78
| |--C. scaber [=Mariscus scaber]B78
| `--C. trichostachysB78
| C. subg. MariscusHE80
|--+--+--C. ajaxSB19
| | `--Androtrichum trigynumSB19
| `--Compressi groupB78
| |--C. concinnusB78
| |--C. filipesB78
| |--C. haspanSB19 [incl. Scirpus autumnalisB78, C. laticulmisB78, C. platyculmisB78, C. pulcherrimusB78]
| | |--C. h. ssp. haspanLK14
| | `--C. h. ssp. juncoidesLK14
| |--C. pedunculosusB78
| |--C. trinervis (see below for synonymy)B78
| `--C. vaginatusB78
| |--C. v. var. vaginatusB78
| `--C. v. var. densiflorus [incl. C. cruciformis, C. gymnocaulos]B78
`--+--+--C. eragrostis de Lamarck 1791SB19, HE80 (see below for synonymy)
| |--‘Androtrichum’ giganteumSB19
| |--C. incomtusSB19
| `--C. luzulaeSB19 [incl. Mariscus parviflorusB78]
`--+--+--+--C. dichrostachyusSB19
| | `--+--Nigricantes groupB78
| | | |--C. difformisSB19
| | | `--C. tetraphyllusB78
| | | |--C. t. var. tetraphyllusB78
| | | `--C. t. var. monocephalusB78
| | `--+--C. fuscusSB19
| | `--C. submicrolepisSB19
| `--+--+--C. blepharoleptosSB19
| | `--C. gardneriSB19
| `--+--+--C. pectinatusSB19
| | `--C. platystylisSB19
| `--+--C. assimilisSB19
| `--+--C. pseudokyllingioidesSB19
| `--C. reduncusSB19
`--+--C. alternifoliusSB19
`--+--+--C. kyllingiellaSB19
| `--C. seslerioidesSB19
`--+--C. cuspidatusSB19
`--+--+--C. capensisSB19
| `--+--C. cyperoidesSB19
| |--C. pedunculatusSB19
| `--+--C. amuricusSB19
| |--C. bulbosusSB19
| `--+--C. houghtoniiSB19
| `--+--C. croceusSB19
| `--C. lupulinusSB19
|--+--+--C. distichusSB19
| | `--+--+--C. albescensSB19
| | | `--C. persquarrosusSB19
| | `--+--C. leptocarpusSB19
| | `--C. neotropicalisSB19
| `--+--C. rubicundusSB19
| |--C. subsquarrosusSB19
| `--+--C. ascopusillusSB19
| |--+--C. ascocapensisSB19
| | `--C. brasiliensisSB19
| `--+--C. eriocauloidesSB19
| `--C. proteusSB19
`--+--Squarrosi groupB78
| |--C. castaneus [incl. C. squarrosus var. stenocarpus]B78
| | |--C. c. var. castaneusLK14
| | `--C. c. var. brevimucronatusLK14
| `--C. squarrosusSB19 (see below for synonymy)
| |--C. s. var. squarrosusB78
| |--C. s. var. congestus non C. congestus Vahl 1806B78
| `--C. s. var. cylindraceusB78
`--+--C. macrostachyosSB19
|--C. subg. PycreusSB19
|--+--C. distansSB19 [incl. C. elatusB78]
| `--+--C. metziiSB19
| `--C. sesquiflorusSB19
|--+--C. elegansSB19
| `--+--C. filiformisSB19
| `--C. hyalinusSB19
`--+--C. esculentus Linnaeus 1753SB19, HE80 [incl. C. esculentus var. sativusHE80]
|--+--C. iriaSB19
| | |--C. i. var. iriaB78
| | `--C. i. var. flavescens non C. flavescensB78
| `--C. serotinusSB19
|--+--C. compressusSB19
| `--+--C. odoratusSB19 [incl. C. ferruginescensV72]
| |--C. sphacelatusSB19
| |--+--C. dilatatusSB19
| | `--C. richardiiSB19
| `--+--C. prolixusSB19
| `--C. rigensSB19
`--+--C. erinaceusSB19
`--+--+--C. nipponicusSB19
| `--C. pacificusSB19
`--+--C. sect. PapyrusSB19
`--+--C. digitatusSB19
|--C. papyrusSB19
`--+--C. alopecuroidesSB19 [incl. C. compositusB78]
`--C. imbricatusSB19Cyperus eragrostis de Lamarck 1791SB19, HE80 [incl. C. atratusB78, C. buchananii Kirk 1878HE80, C. gracilis Buchanan 1871 (preoc.)HE80, C. nitidusB78, C. vegetusHE80]
Cyperus squarrosusSB19 [=C. odoratus var. squarrosusV72, Mariscus squarrosusPP07; incl. C. aristatusH93, C. browneiB78, C. inflexusV72, C. uncinatusB78]
Cyperus trinervis [incl. C. aquatilis, C. breviculmis, C. flaccidus, C. imbecillis, C. inundatus, C. lessonianus, C. macellus]B78
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.
[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.
[C00] Cunningham, P. 2000. Daily activity pattern and diet of a population of the spiny-tailed lizard, Uromastyx aegyptius microlepis, during summer in the United Arab Emirates. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 37–46.
[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[K90] Keighery, G. J. 1990. Vegetation and flora of Shark Bay, Western Australia. In: Berry, P. F., S. D. Bradshaw & B. R. Wilson (eds) Research in Shark Bay: Report of the France-Australe Bicentenary Expedition Committee pp. 61–87. Western Australian Museum.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.
[P73] Prakash, I. 1973. Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon). IX. Ecological distribution in the Rajasthan desert. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 510–517.
[SF98] Saikkonen, K., S. H. Faeth, M. Helander & T. J. Sullivan. 1998. Fungal endophytes: a continuum of interactions with host plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 319–343.
[SB19] Semmouri, I., K. Bauters, É. Léveillé-Bourret, J. R. Starr, P. Goetghebeur & I. Larridon. 2019. Phylogeny and systematics of Cyperaceae, the evolution and importance of embryo morphology. Botanical Review 85: 1–39.
[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).
[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.
[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.