Belongs within: Echinodermata.
Contains: Ophiocistioidea, Holothuroidea, Palaechinoida, Echinocystitoida, Cidaroida, Euechinoidea.
The Echinoidea include the sea urchins, free-living echinoderms with an ancestrally subspherical test bearing mobile appendages (including spines). The ancestral echinoid morphology includes a ventral masticatory apparatus, the lantern, though this has been lost in some subgroups. The anus is ancestrally dorsal, opposite the ventral mouth, with the madreporite close by. Echinoids have been divided into two subclasses based on the ancestral presence (Euechinoidea) or absence (Perischoechinoidea) of external gills, but the latter are almost certainly paraphyletic to the former.
Other than the Cidaroida, ‘perischoechinoids’ are restricted to the Palaeozoic. The Ordovician Bothriocidaris may represent the sister taxon of other echinoids, and is characterised by a rigid test with a single interambulacral column that does not reach the margin of the peristome, and without differentiated genital plates (Kier 1966). The Palaechinoida, known from the Silurian to the Permian, have plates that are not strongly imbricate, with the ambulacral plates bevelling over the interambulacra. They are divided between the Cravenechinidae, with small perforate or imperforate primary tubercles, and the Lower Carboniferous Palaechinidae in which the tubercles are always imperforate (Kier 1966).
<==Echinozoa |--+--OphiocistioideaM01 | `--HolothuroideaM01 `--Echinoidea (see below for synonymy)M01 | i. s.: AcanthotremaB01 | ‘Reophax’ lodderae Goddard & Jensen 1907Q72 | Cavanechinus warreni Brown 1967F71 | Besairecidaris Lambert 1936FP66 | `--*B. ankarensis Lambert 1936FP66 | Bramus de Gregorio 1930FP66 | `--*B. simplex de Gregorio 1930FP66 | Crinocidaris de Gregorio 1930FP66 | `--*C. unicus de Gregorio 1930FP66 | Dallonia Lambert in Dalloni 1920FP66 | `--*D. squamosa Lambert in Dalloni 1920FP66 | Firmacidaris Lambert 1937FP66 | `--*F. precincta (Lambert 1933) [=Sphaerotiaris precincta]FP66 | Gajechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914FP66 | `--*G. subcrenatus (Duncan & Sladen 1885) [=Echinus subcrenatus]FP66 | Ombria Quenstedt 1873FP66 | Pleurechinus Agassiz 1841FP66 | `--*P. bothryoides Agassiz 1841 [=Cidaris bothryoides Klein 1754 (pre-Linnean)]FP66 | ‘Protocidaris’ de Gregorio 1930 non Whidborne 1898FP66 | `--*P. bencontestus de Gregorio 1930FP66 | RadiolusFP66 | Rhabdechinus Lambert 1910FP66 | `--*R. belone [=Cidaris belone]FP66 | Vernius de Gregorio 1930FP66 | `--*V. elaboratus de Gregorio 1930FP66 | Cataproctus Lambert 1931 (n. d.)A66 | Coenocentrotus Clark 1912 (n. d.)A66 | Diegocorys Lambert & Thiéry 1925 (n. d.)A66 | ‘Echinobrissus’ Breynius in Pomel 1883 (n. d.) non Gray 1825A66 | Insuflaster Borchard in d’Orbigny 1854 (n. d.) [=Insufulaster (l. c.)]A66 | Nucleolus von Martens 1866 (n. d.) [incl. Mecostobrissus Lambert 1912]A66 | Mengaudia Lambert 1917 (n. d.)A66 | Oligopodia Duncan 1889 (n. d.)A66 | Proechinus Cuénot 1891A66 | ‘Spatangus’ Leske 1778 (nom. rej.) non Gray 1825 [=Spatangites Leske 1778]A66 | Tingitanaster Lambert & Thiéry 1925 (n. d.)A66 | Stoliczkiella Carter 1888LT64 | `--*S. theobaldi Carter 1888LT64 | Plesioderma indicumWP99 | Aptilechinus caledonensis Kier 1973SG93 | Levicidaris zardinia Kier 1977SG93 | Megaporocidaris mariana Kier 1977SG93 |--+--PalaechinoidaD66 | `--+--EchinocystitoidaD66 | `--+--CidaroidaD66 | `--EuechinoideaD66 `--Bothriocidaridae [Bothriocidaroida]D66 |--Unibothriocidaris bromidensis Kier 1982SG93 |--NeobothriocidarisSG93 | |--N. minor Paul 1967SG93 | `--N. peculiaris Paul 1967SG93 `--Bothriocidaris Eichwald 1859K66 |--*B. globulus Eichwald 1859K66 |--B. kolatai Kier 1982SG93 `--B. solemi Kolata 1975SG93
Echinoidea [Adostella, Cirrhispinigrada, Cycloides, Echinata, Echini, Echinida, Echinidea, Echinides, Echinodea, Echinomorpha, Echinus, Pedicellata, Perischoechinida, Perischoechinoidea]M01
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A66] Anon. 1966. Doubtful nominal genera of echinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U633. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.
[D66] Durham, J. W. 1966. Echinoids—classification. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 1 pp. U270–U295. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.
[K66] Kier, P. M. 1966. Noncidaroid Paleozoic echinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 1 pp. U298–U312. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.
[M01] Mooi, R. 2001. Not all written in stone: Interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1209–1231.
[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.
[SG93] Simms, M. J., A. S. Gale, P. Gilliland, E. P. F. Rose & G. D. Sevastopulo. 1993. Echinodermata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 491–528. Chapman & Hall: London.
[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).