Suinae

 Central European boar Sus scrofa scrofa, copyright Valentin Panzirsch.

Belongs within: Suina.

The Suinae are a group of pigs including all living members of the family. They are united by elongation of the skull, complication of the cheek teeth, and the development of canine tusks (Cooke & Wilkinson 1978). Wild species are native to Eurasia and Africa but the domestic pig (usually treated as conspecific with its wild progenitor Sus scrofa but sometimes recognised as Sus domesticus) has become distributed globally in association with humans.

<==Suinae
    |  i. s.: Microstonyx Pilgrim 1926CW78
    |           `--M. majorDW04
    |         DicoryphochoerusCW78
    |           |--D. haydeniCW78
    |           |--D. robustusCW78
    |           `--D. titanCW78
    |--BabyrousaFS15
    |    |--B. togeanensisFS15
    |    `--+--B. babyrussaFS15
    |       `--B. celebensisFS15
    `--+--+--Porcula salvaniaFS15
       |  `--Sus Linnaeus 1758FS15, CW78
       |       |  i. s.: S. babyrussa Linnaeus 1758L58
       |       |         S. heureniIT07
       |       |         S. minor Depéret 1890P04
       |       |         S. porcus Linnaeus 1758L58
       |       |         S. riukiuanus Kuroda 1924I92
       |       |         S. salvaniusIT07
       |       |         S. strozziiME05
       |       |         S. taivanusS66
       |       |         S. timoriensisIT07
       |       |--+--*S. scrofa Linnaeus 1758CW78, FS15, GC-BG04 (see below for synonymy)
       |       |  |    |--S. s. scrofaM76
       |       |  |    |--S. s. cristatusAP72
       |       |  |    |--S. s. leucomystax Temminck 1842M76
       |       |  |    `--S. s. vittatus (Boie 1828)APB99
       |       |  `--S. domesticus Erxleben 1777GC-BG04 [=S. scrofa domesticaK92]
       |       `--+--+--+--S. bucculentusFS15
       |          |  |  `--S. celebensis Müller & Sclegel 1845FS15, APB99
       |          |  `--+--S. cebifronsFS15
       |          |     `--S. philippensisFS15
       |          `--+--+--S. ahoenobarbusFS15
       |             |  `--S. barbatusFS15
       |             `--+--S. oliveriFS15
       |                `--+--S. brachgnathusFS15
       |                   `--S. verrucosusFS15
       `--+--Potamochoerus Gray 1854FS15, CW78
          |    |--*P. porcus (Linnaeus 1758)CW78
          |    |--P. larvatusFS15
          |    `--P. penicillatusB66
          `--+--Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932FS15, CW78 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |  i. s.: ‘Hylochoerus’ grabhami Hopwood 1929 (n. d.) [=Mesochoerus grabhami]CW78
             |    |         K. majus (Hopwood 1934)FS15, CW78 [=Koiropotamus majusCW78, Potamochoerus majusCW78]
             |    |         K. phacochoeroides (Thomas 1884) [=Sus phacochoeroides]CW78
             |    |--K. afarensis Cooke 1978CW78
             |    `--+--K. limnetes (Hopwood 1926) (see below for synonymy)CW78
             |       |--+--K. paiceae (Broom 1931) (see below for synonymy)CW78
             |       |  `--K. olduvaiensis (Leakey 1942)CW78
             |       `--Hylochoerus Thomas 1904CW78
             |            |--*H. meinertzhageni Thomas 1904CW78
             |            `--H. antiquus Leakey 1958CW78
             `--+--Potamochoeroides Dale 1948CW78
                |    `--P. shawi (Dale 1948) [=Pronotochoerus shawi; incl. *P. hypsodon Dale 1948]CW78
                `--+--Phacochoerus Cuvier 1817FS15, CW78 (see below for synonymy)
                   |    |  i. s.: P. kabuae Whitworth 1965CW78
                   |    |--P. modestus (van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932) (see below for synonymy)CW78
                   |    `--+--*P. aethiopicus (Pallas 1767) (see below for synonymy)CW78
                   |       `--P. africanus (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy)CW78
                   |            |--P. a. africanusCW78
                   |            `--P. a. helmei Dreyer & Lyle 1931 [incl. P. laticolumnatus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932]CW78
                   `--Metridiochoerus Hopwood 1926FS15, CW78 [incl. Pronotochoerus Leakey 1943CW78]
                        |  i. s.: M. compactus (Leakey 1958)FS15, CW78 [=Notochoerus compactusCW78]
                        |         M. modestusD07
                        |         ‘Notochoerus’ serengetensis Dietrich 1942CW78
                        |--M. jacksoni (Leakey 1943) [=*Pronotochoerus jacksoni; incl. M. pygmaeus Leakey 1958]CW78
                        |--M. nyanzae (Leakey 1958) [=Pronotochoerus nyanzae]CW78
                        `--+--*M. andrewsi Hopwood 1926 (see below for synonymy)CW78
                           `--Stylochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932 (see below for synonymy)CW78
                                `--S. compactus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932 (see below for synonymy)CW78
Inorganic: Babirousa babyrussa minilorientalis Okamura 1987O87
           Sus scrofa minilorientalis Okamura 1987O87

Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932FS15, CW78 [incl. Ectopotamochoerus Leakey 1965CW78, Mesochoerus Shaw & Cooke 1941CW78, Omochoerus Arambourg 1942CW78, Promesochoerus Leakey 1965CW78]

Kolpochoerus limnetes (Hopwood 1926) [=Sus limnetes, Mesochoerus limnetes; incl. *Ectopotamochoerus dubius Leakey 1965, M. heseloni Leakey 1943, Potamochoerus intermedius Leakey 1965, Omochoerus maroccanus Ennouchi 1954, *Promesochoerus mukiri Leakey 1965, *O. pachygnathus Arambourg 1943, Sus waylandi]CW78

Kolpochoerus paiceae (Broom 1931) [=Notochoerus paiceae; incl. Mesochoerus lategani Singer & Keen 1955, *Kolpochoerus sinuosus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932]CW78

*Metridiochoerus andrewsi Hopwood 1926 [incl. Notochoerus dietrichi Hopwood 1934, N. hopwoodi Leakey 1958, N. meadowsi Broom 1928, Kolpochoerus meadowsi, Phacochoerus meadowsi, Tapinochoerus meadowsi]CW78

Phacochoerus Cuvier 1817FS15, CW78 [incl. Potamochoerops Ewer 1956CW78, Tapinochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932CW78; Phacochoerinae]

*Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Pallas 1767) [=Aper aethiopicus; incl. P. dreyeri, P. meiringi, P. venteri Dreyer & Lyle 1931]CW78

Phacochoerus africanus (Gmelin 1788) [=Sus africanus; incl. P. barbarus Pomel 1897, P. congolensis van Straelen 1924, P. mauritanicus Pomel 1897, P. stenobunus Pia 1930]CW78

Phacochoerus modestus (van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932) [=*Tapinochoerus modestus; incl. Ph. antiquus Broom 1948, *Potamochoerops antiquus, Notochoerus broomi Shaw & Cooke 1941, Tapinochoerus minutus Leakey 1958]CW78

Stylochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932 [incl. Afrochoerus Leakey 1942, Orthostonyx Leakey 1958]CW78

Stylochoerus compactus van Hoepen & van Hoepen 1932 [incl. Phacochoerus altidens, Orthostonyx brachyops Leakey 1958, P. complectidens, Synaptochoerus hieroglyphicus, *Afrochoerus nicoli Leakey 1942]CW78

*Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758CW78, FS15, GC-BG04 [incl. S. algeriensis Pomel 1896CW78, S. barbarus Pomel 1896 (preoc.)CW78]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AP72] Acharjyo, L. N., & G. S. Padhi. 1972. Some observations on distribution of zoo births among common wild mammals. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 175–178.

[APB99] Aplin, K. P., J. M. Pasveer & W. E. Boles. 1999. Late Quaternary vertebrates from the Bird’s Head Peninsula, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, including descriptions of two previously unknown marsupial species. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 57: 351–387.

[B66] Blyth, E. 1866. A note on African buffalos. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 371–373.

[CW78] Cooke, H. B. S., & A. F. Wilkinson. 1978. Suidae and Tayassuidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 435–482. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[GC-BG04] Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock & C. P. Groves. 2004. The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 645–651.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K92] Krylov, M. V. 1992. The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa. Parazitologiya 26 (5): 361–368.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Notice of recent additions to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 418–419.

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